to list a token on the nyse,
you need a bank and a year.
to list a token onchain,
you need two tokens
and one transaction.
the pool is live in the next block.
it's an automated market maker.
two tokens. one formula. no order book.
x · y = k — the price is the ratio.
to create a new market onchain
no bank. no middleman.
just a formula and a pool.
This guide takes it apart —
from x · y = k to the flywheel.
x · y = k. take eth out, the curve forces you to put more usdc in. larger trades hit a steeper price.
An AMM pool holds two tokens — say ETH and USDC. The ratio between the two reserves determines the price. If the pool holds 100 ETH and 200,000 USDC, 1 ETH costs 2,000 USDC. No order book. No market maker. Just a ratio.
The constant product formula. x and y are the reserves of each token. k is their product and must remain constant. Every trade changes x and y, but k stays the same. This single constraint is all you need to price any swap.
Spot price is simply y / x. If the pool has 100 ETH and 200,000 USDC, 1 ETH = 200,000 / 100 = $2,000. Buy ETH? The pool has less ETH, more USDC — the price goes up. The formula enforces this automatically.
Unlike perpetual futures or lending markets, a basic AMM doesn't need an external price feed. The price emerges from the reserves. This makes the system entirely self-contained — but it also means the pool doesn't know when it's mispriced.
small trades sit near spot. large trades hit the curve hard. set a slippage tolerance or be a price taker.
Price impact — or slippage — is the gap between the spot price and the price you actually get. On an order book exchange, it depends on the depth of resting orders. On an AMM, it's a mathematical certainty: the constant product curve gets steeper as you trade more.
A $10K swap in a $1M pool barely moves the needle — maybe 1% slippage. The same swap in a $50K pool eats 20%+. Pool depth is the single biggest determinant of execution quality. This is why DeFi protocols fight for liquidity.
A bot sees your pending swap in the mempool. It front-runs you (buying before you, pushing the price up), lets your trade execute at the worse price, then back-runs (selling after you, pocketing the difference). Your slippage is their profit. The honest beat: on AMMs, your trade is visible before it executes.
deposit two tokens, get an lp token back. every trade through the pool adds fees to your share. that's the income.
On a traditional exchange, professional market makers provide liquidity and manage their risk with sophisticated hedging. On an AMM, anyone can deposit both tokens into the pool and earn a share of every trading fee — typically 0.3% of each swap. You get LP tokens representing your position.
To provide liquidity, you deposit both tokens in equal dollar value. $5,000 of ETH and $5,000 of USDC. The pool gives you LP tokens representing your share of the total pool.
Every swap pays a fee (0.05%–1%, depending on the pool tier). Fees are added to the pool reserves, increasing the value of your LP tokens. You don't collect fees separately — they compound automatically.
The catch is impermanent loss. The pool doesn't care which direction the market moves. But you do.
when prices diverge, the lp position underperforms holding. fees must outpace il for the trade to make sense.
Impermanent loss is the difference between holding your tokens and providing them as liquidity. As the price of one token rises, the pool rebalances — selling the appreciating token and buying the depreciating one. You end up with more of the token that fell in value. The bigger the price move, the larger the loss.
If the price returns to your entry ratio, the loss disappears — hence “impermanent.” But in practice, most price moves don't revert. A 2x price change costs ~5.7% IL. A 5x change costs ~25.5%. For volatile pairs, accumulated fees rarely compensate.
Providing liquidity is structurally similar to selling options. You earn a premium (fees) in exchange for taking on downside risk (IL). The ideal LP position is a stable pair with high volume — maximum fees, minimal price movement. LPs profit from volume, not from price direction.
1.25x price move: 0.6% loss. 1.5x: 2.0%. 2x: 5.7%. 3x: 13.4%. 5x: 25.5%. These losses compound: a token going up 5x then back down to 1x doesn't fully heal.
amms don't track external prices on their own. arbitrageurs profit from re-aligning them — that's how prices stay in sync.
The pool has no oracle. It doesn't know the “real” price of anything. When Binance shows ETH at $2,100 but the pool is stuck at $2,000, there's free money on the table. Arbitrage bots buy the cheap ETH from the pool and sell it on Binance, pocketing the difference. In doing so, they push the pool price back to $2,100.
Every dollar an arbitrageur extracts comes from the pool — which means from LPs. This is impermanent loss in action: the pool is systematically selling the token that's going up and buying the token that's going down.
Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) includes arbitrage, sandwich attacks, and liquidations. Searchers compete by paying higher gas to get their transactions included first. This creates an arms race that ultimately flows to block builders and validators — a hidden tax on every swap.
Despite the extraction, arbitrage serves a critical function: it keeps AMM prices aligned with global markets. Without arbs, prices would drift until manual traders corrected them. Arbs are the invisible hand — the price is accurate because it's profitable to correct it.
x · y = k. used by uniswap v2. slippage scales with trade size.
x · y = k is the simplest AMM formula, but it's not the only one. Different curves make different trade-offs. Curve Finance flattened the curve for stablecoin pairs. Uniswap v3 let LPs concentrate liquidity in specific price ranges. Each design optimises for a different use case.
x · y = k. Works for any token pair. Provides liquidity across the entire price range from zero to infinity. Simple, robust, but capital-inefficient: most of the liquidity sits at prices far from the current market.
Flattens the curve near the 1:1 ratio, giving near-zero slippage for pegged assets (USDC/USDT, stETH/ETH). Extremely capital-efficient for stable pairs. For volatile pairs, the flat curve would let the pool be drained.
Uniswap v3 lets LPs choose a price range. All their capital is deployed within that range, giving massive capital efficiency. The trade-off: if the price moves outside your range, you earn zero fees and hold 100% of the losing token.
each stage funds the next. the loop self-reinforces — that's the moat.
Every new pool faces the same chicken-and-egg problem: no liquidity means no trading, no trading means no fees, no fees means no LPs. Early DeFi solved this with liquidity mining — pay people in tokens to provide liquidity. It worked short-term but created mercenary capital that left the moment incentives stopped.
Pioneered by Solidly and perfected by Aerodrome on Base. Protocols bribe veAERO voters to direct token emissions to their pools. Voters earn bribes + fees. LPs earn emissions. Deeper liquidity attracts more volume, which generates more fees, which attracts more bribes. The flywheel spins.
The key insight: instead of paying LPs directly (liquidity mining), pay the people who direct liquidity (voters). Protocols that need liquidity compete by offering bribes. Voters lock tokens for voting power, creating long-term alignment. Everyone profits from volume, not from dumping tokens.
Aerodrome is Base's central liquidity hub. It routes the majority of swap volume on the network. Its ve(3,3) flywheel has attracted over $1B in TVL by aligning incentives across protocols, voters, and LPs. The infrastructure layer that makes everything else in DeFi on Base work.
Two tokens. One formula.
A market for anything.
The pool never sleeps.
The price is always live.
10 questions. No going back.
Your result is shareable.